The short version
Use the menu on the left to jump between sections. Within each section, you can open the supporting data and posts.
Five findings
- Niche interests are how they screen datesAnime and music they dig into say more about a match than reality TV, which most watch weekly but few claim as their taste.
- Their type is a fictional characterThey’re less sure of who they are than the average adult, so they describe who they want through TV and book characters.
- The best first date has something to react toTalking about themselves is the hard part. They show who they are through what they make and wear, and want dates built around an activity.
- Deadlines for the other personThey set goals well above the average and feel stretched thin. Dating has no plan of its own, so talking stages get expiration dates and men get judged on whether they plan.
- They want “chalant” and play it coolThey want men to show interest openly while many hold back their own.
Cultural moments, Aug–Oct
- Live dating shows with an audienceDating as something you watch with friends.
- Adult recess: field days, spelling bees, speed-puzzlingGames with rules replace small talk; events in several cities in October.
- Co-working socialsMeeting people inside the workday.
- Gamer and anime girls’ clubs move offlineSolo, online hobbies become the reason to meet.
- Women’s sports watch partiesThe night out is the draw, not the game.
- Y2K pregames for the Hilary Duff tourA shared reference turns one show into a full night.
Media consumption
- NewsCulture over headlines; social is the most trusted news source.
- SocialTikTok is the favorite for about half of women 18–24; social is for inspiration and fandom.
- Streaming videoAbove-average use of most services; anime and animation for 18–24, drama and true crime for 25–34.
- Streaming audioRelationship podcasts run two to three times the average.
Gen Z women screen dates by niche interests, and reality TV is only the opener.
Women 18–24 and 25–34 size up potential partners by the interests they go deep on, like anime, art films and music they look up and read into. Reality TV works as an easy opener because almost everyone watches it, but it says little about a person. On TikTok, niche interests work as quick compatibility checks, and anime in particular reads as both an attraction signal and a warning sign.
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What the data shows
- See the genre chart aboveComedy is the most-watched TV type for women 18–24. In Morning Consult’s survey, 22% name it, compared with 12% of all adults. That makes them nearly twice as likely as average to name comedy, and it suggests they gravitate toward humor that runs on shared references and inside jokes.
Morning ConsultWatch reality TV at least weekly 58%51%42%Name it as what they watch most: 7%, 11%, 6%Reality TV is widely watched but rarely claimed. In Morning Consult’s survey, 58% of women 18–24 and 51% of women 25–34 watch it at least weekly, compared with 42% of adults. Yet only 7% of the younger group and 11% of the older group name it as what they watch most. They all watch it, but few build their taste around it.ComscoreWatch anime movies at home, vs. average 2.4×1.2×Anime has moved well beyond the stereotype of a male fan base. Comscore shows women 18–24 watch anime at home at about twice the average rate. In Morning Consult’s survey, half of women 18–24 (50%) and 42% of women 25–34 say they like anime films, compared with 30% of all adults.ComscoreVisit Genius for lyrics, vs. average 1.7×1.7×Music is something they dig into. Comscore shows both groups visit the lyrics site Genius at about 1.7 times the average rate. Spotify’s net favorability, a measure of how much more people like a brand than dislike it, is 62 among women 18–24 and 57 among women 25–34, well above 46 among all adults.- From TikTok searchMusic is also the most common thing people say they “bonded over,” based on TikTok’s own suggested searches.
What women are posting
Anime as an attraction signal
give me the man that watches anime 👀
TikTok · Apr 21Open post ↗A creator offers to judge people by their favorite show
Let me know what your favourite anime is and I’ll tell you whether you’re a GREEN FLAG or RED FLAG 👀🤭
TikTok · Sep 19Open post ↗The same interest can read as a warning
Coming from a girl who games and likes anime, you can always tell 🙂↕️
TikTok · May 9Open post ↗Music as the thing people bond over
you was my music soulmate
TikTok · May 24 · 49.5K likesOpen post ↗
Gen Z women describe who they want through fictional characters, because they’re less sure of who they are.
Both groups care more than average about impressing others, and both are less sure than average of who they are. On social, that gap shows up in how they describe what they want. “My type” posts are built almost entirely around TV characters, book boyfriends and romance-novel archetypes, with little about personality or values in their own words. Some women are going on low-stakes “practice dates” to work out what they want. Creators are starting to point out that fictional ideals have become real-life standards.
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What the data shows
- Women 18–24 are nearly twice as likely as the average adult to say they like a lifestyle that impresses others: 38% in Morning Consult’s survey, compared with 22% of all adults. Women 25–34 are also above average at 29%.
- Most say they have a strong sense of self: 75% of women 18–24 and 81% of women 25–34. Those numbers sound high, but both trail the average adult at 86%. This audience is less settled in who they are than the population as a whole, and the youngest women are the least settled.
- The same pattern holds for self-expression. 76% of women 18–24 and 78% of women 25–34 feel comfortable expressing who they are, below 84% of all adults. These questions come from very large samples, about 30,000 people per group, so the gaps are reliable.
What women are posting
“My type” as a fictional character
seth cohen and stiles stilinski are literally perfect for this description
TikTok · Oct 19 · 95.6K likesOpen post ↗Description of post
Four romance-novel men listed under #mytype
TikTok · Oct 26 · 20.6K likesOpen post ↗A creator names the problem directly
We created the perfect fictional boyfriend, and now he’s competing with real life men. The internet took romance archetypes and turned them into dating standards
TikTok · Mar 10Open post ↗Still working it out
i need to find a happy medium or just a whole new type LOL #datinginyour20s
TikTok · Aug 25Open post ↗“Practice dating” took off this summer: low-stakes dates to build confidence and learn what you want
My take on practice dating
TikTok · Jun 5 · 31.3K likesOpen post ↗
The best first date gives Gen Z women something to react to, because talking about themselves is the hard part.
First dates ask Gen Z women to do what they’re least comfortable with: describe themselves. Both groups are less comfortable than average putting themselves into words. They’re more likely than average to use fashion, art and making things as their way of showing who they are. On social, hobbies are part of being single and independent. The test for a good first date is whether it gives both people something new to talk about. An activity puts the focus on something in front of you, which takes the pressure off presenting yourself.
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What the data shows
- Fashion is a main outlet. In Morning Consult’s survey, 68% of women 18–24 and 60% of women 25–34 say expressing who they are through fashion is important, compared with 45% of all adults. Both groups are well ahead of average.
- They make things far more than most people. Comscore shows 29% of women 18–24 painted or drew in the last six months, three to three-and-a-half times the average rate. Women 25–34 do so at about one-and-a-half times the average.
- Their friends treat them as the experts. Comscore shows about a third of women 18–24 frequently advise others on fashion and beauty, two to three times the average.
What women are posting
Hobbies tied to single life
hobbymaxxing as the kids say #single #independent
TikTok · Apr 26 · 443.1K likesOpen post ↗The bar for a first date
The best first dates give you both something new to talk about ✨
TikTok · Oct 16Open post ↗Discomfort with self-description, said openly
does anybody else prefer *not* to talk about themselves in a conversation ???? Or do I need therapy
TikTok · Apr 28Open post ↗
Gen Z women plan everything except dating, so they set deadlines for the other person instead.
Both groups are more goal-driven and more stretched than the average adult. Women 18–24 are also in near-constant change across school, jobs and housing. On social, the twenties get framed as years for building yourself, with dating optional. Timelines do reach dating, though, as tests applied to the other person: how long a talking stage should last before it’s over, and whether he plans the date.
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What the data shows
- Most set goals to get ahead: 74% of women 18–24 and 72% of women 25–34, compared with 59% of all adults (Morning Consult). That’s well above average, so planning is a defining habit for this audience.
- Many feel stretched thin. More than half of both groups (58% and 56%) say juggling family and work demands is very stressful, compared with 37% of all adults, roughly one-and-a-half times the average.
- Life is in motion for women 18–24, according to Comscore: about two-thirds are students, roughly 40% started a new job in the last year, and about half plan to change jobs or careers in the next year. Women 25–34 change jobs at above-average rates too, though less often.
What women are posting
The twenties are for building yourself
These are the years to figure out who YOU are and create a life you’re proud of, with or without a man
TikTok · Oct 11Open post ↗Talking stages come with an expiration date
when your free trial is over #talkingstage #situationship
TikTok · Jul 15 · 283.8K likesOpen post ↗Planning becomes a test for him
Stop speaking to men who don’t plan dates
TikTok · Jul 21 · 25.1K likesOpen post ↗
Gen Z women want men to show interest openly while holding back their own.
Both groups care more than average about how they come across, and both are less comfortable than average expressing themselves. On social, women call out “nonchalant” men, meaning men who act like they don’t care, and use “chalant” for what they want instead: visible effort and affection. Some women also criticize their whole generation for playing it cool. Both sides protect themselves the same way while asking the other to go first.
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What the data shows
- In Morning Consult’s survey, 38% of women 18–24 and 29% of women 25–34 say they like a lifestyle that impresses others, compared with 22% of all adults. Image matters more to them than to most people.
- Fewer than average feel comfortable expressing who they are: 76% and 78%, compared with 84% of all adults. That makes openly showing interest a bigger risk for them.
What women are posting
Asking where the effort went
What’s this epidemic of nonchalant men? Genuine question
Threads · May 26Open post ↗Ladies: how yal make a nonchalant man, chalant?
Threads · Sep 17Open post ↗Spelling out what they want instead
Unfortunately, I don’t like nonchalant men. Take the lead. Check up on me. Be affectionate and intentional.
Threads · Oct 21Open post ↗“Chalant” as the word for it
keep the passive and nonchalant men. 😭 need mine OVERLY CHALANT ABOUT ME!
TikTok · May 5 · 8.8K likesOpen post ↗Nonchalant is not a personality… it’s a lack of effort.
TikTok · Mar 8 · 11K likesOpen post ↗Calling it out in her own generation
i hate gen z obsession with being nonchalant with to eachother like bro we only live once stop being so damn awkward
X · Jul 17Open post ↗
What Gen Z women started doing together, August to October
Activities and formats that spread on TikTok, X and Threads over the past three months. Run clubs, supper clubs and dinner parties are left out because they are already widely covered.
Live dating shows with an audience
Stand-up-style shows where real singles date on stage while friends and strangers watch from the crowd ran in several cities this fall. The format works like a comedy show the audience can end up in. Going to watch a friend is part of the night.
Dating becomes a night out with friends instead of a one-on-one. Shows ran in Charlotte, Boston, San Antonio and Washington, DC between July and November, and women go as the audience as often as they go as contestants. In one post, the contestant’s match came from the crowd.
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Organizers describe the format plainly. DC Dating Live calls itself “Love Island meets a live comedy show,” with six men and six women on stage (organizer post, Oct 14). Balloon-style dating games had a moment in 2025; the comedy-show version with a live audience is what spread this fall.
A Last Call Dating show
pov: you go watch your best friend in a live dating show and her match ends up being in the audience!!!
TikTok · Oct 10Open post ↗I went on a blind live dating show called @UpdatingShow (blindfolded, in front of a live audience) and I made sure to ask the real questions.
TikTok · Nov 2Open post ↗
Adult recess: field days, spelling bees, zombie tag and speed-puzzling
School-day competitions are being rebuilt for adults at parks, bars and breweries, usually played in mixed teams. A game with rules and a scoreboard gives everyone something to do besides make conversation.
A game with rules and teams does the work small talk usually does. Adult recess events ran in Atlanta, Raleigh and Philadelphia in October alone, bars and breweries added spelling bees and puzzle races, and The Times called zombie tag the new rival to run clubs.
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Zombie tag is part of the same wave: The Times called it “the new game rivalling run clubs” on Oct 21, and a New York host had nearly 100 people sign up for one game on Oct 17.
An adult field day
What a joy to feel young(er) again 😂 From the little playground beefs to being fully dragged in tug of war and hopping around in a sack race…
TikTok · Oct 22Open post ↗Need a fun activity for a couples night in: you HAVE to do an adult spelling bee 🐝🤣
TikTok · Oct 23Open post ↗A speed-puzzling competition at a bar
Might not have won, but we had a blast! Would 1,000% do this again.
TikTok · Oct 11Open post ↗
Co-working socials
Remote workers are meeting at a shared table to get work done, then staying for drinks. The events run during the day, draw both men and women, and have none of the pressure of a date.
It fits inside a workday, so it doesn’t compete with a packed schedule (Finding 4). Hosts are already adding sessions: the Work-In Wednesday host announced her second within a week of the first.
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The host’s second session ran Oct 29
At our first Work-In Wednesday, I brought together people from all different backgrounds with one thing in common: wanting to get out of the house and connect with your local community.
TikTok · Oct 26Open post ↗
Gamer and anime girls’ clubs move offline
Women-only clubs built around a single game or fandom held their first meetups this fall. Gaming and anime are usually seen as solo or male hobbies, so these clubs run against expectations, and each one sets the shared interest before anyone walks in. Women 18–24 watch anime at about twice the average rate and use Twitch and Discord more than average.
Hobbies usually done alone and online are becoming the reason to meet in person. At least four women-only gaming and anime clubs held first meetups or opened membership between August and October, and Otaku Hot Girls Club capped its first event at 25 spots.
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Baddies Who Play The Sims Club, New York
Calling all women who play The Sims in New York 💚 We started a club and our first meet up in next month.
TikTok · Oct 22Open post ↗Philadelphia; 25 spots at $30
Otaku Hot Girls Club is going IRL for the first time, and we’re bringing together anime girls, gamers, cosplayers, K-pop fans, creators, artists, and nerdy women who want to meet other creatives!
TikTok · Sep 30 · 1.3K likesOpen post ↗Girls Who Game, Long Beach, launching themed game nights
Your villain era looks better with new girlfriends 👯♀️✨😈
TikTok · Aug 14Open post ↗Digital Dolliez, Las Vegas
Let’s go outside gamer girls 👾
TikTok · Sep 21Open post ↗
Women’s sports watch parties during the WNBA Finals
Watch-party groups for women formed around the WNBA Finals in late October. Both groups watch sports less than the average adult (48% and 40% weekly vs. 54%, per Morning Consult), which suggests the draw is the night out more than the game. Women’s sports bars got press in 2024–25; the traveling watch-party group is the newer part.
Fewer of these women watch sports weekly than the average adult (48% and 40% vs. 54%), yet women-focused watch parties drew crowds during the WNBA Finals. The game is the occasion; the night out is the draw.
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Women Love Watch Parties (group account)
Baltimore, y’all showed OUT! 🏀💜❤️
TikTok · Oct 26Open post ↗In Her League Dallas (group account)
A little recap of our Aces vs. Valkyries watch party! 🏀💕✨
TikTok · Nov 2Open post ↗Cheers to basketball season! This is exactly why I started Martini Girls Club. Getting women out. Connecting. Mingling.
TikTok · Oct 26Open post ↗
Y2K pregame parties for Hilary Duff’s Lucky Me Tour
Fans threw themed parties before the shows, with early-2000s decor and cocktails named after Lizzie McGuire. The peak was in July, with tour posts continuing into October.
Fans built their own themed parties around the concert, turning one show into a full night with friends. It shows how a shared reference point, here early-2000s TV and music, gives a group something to plan around.
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So yesterday was so fun!! Andrea went all out and hosted the cutest y2k pregame party before Hilary Duff’s concert ✨
TikTok · Jul 24 · 73 likesOpen post ↗
Where Gen Z women spend their attention
Morning Consult is a survey of what people say they do. Comscore measures what they actually visit and watch. Each point below names its source. Multipliers compare each group with the average for that source.
They follow culture more than headlines, and trust social more than TV
Women 18–24 and 25–34 do follow the news. They just define it differently than most adults. Entertainment, food and art top what they follow, while politics, local news and sports fall well below average. They’re also the most likely to say social media is the most trustworthy news source, ahead of any TV network. For earned media, a story reaches them through the culture desk and social feeds more than through hard news.
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- In Morning Consult’s survey, entertainment news (music, TV and film) is the top type of news for 27% of women 18–24 and 24% of women 25–34, nearly double the 14% of all adults. Food news runs two to three times the average (17% and 11% vs. 6%), and art news is about four times higher among the younger group (5% vs. 1%).
- They rarely name hard news as their top type. Only 6% of women 18–24 and 10% of women 25–34 pick politics, compared with 14% of adults. Local news (5.5% and 11% vs. 19%) and sports (about 4% vs. 12%) are also far behind.
- Social media is the platform they’re most likely to call the most trustworthy for news, at 29% and 28%, compared with 18% of adults. Broadcast networks like ABC, CBS and NBC come in at 11% and 14%, about half the 24% of all adults.
- They come across news on social media every day at about the same rate as everyone else (44% and 46% vs. 44%). They rarely go to news sites directly (about 20% daily vs. 29%), and hear news from friends and family a little more often than average (27% vs. 24%). The difference is that they trust what they find on social, not that they spend more time there.
- Comscore points to the same pattern. National news websites reach few women 18–24: Yahoo News and CNN reach this group at about half the average rate or less. Women 25–34 visit The New York Times at about the average rate (roughly a quarter of them). Apple News reaches about 30% of both groups, slightly above average. The weather app is the one news product they use more than average, at 1.5 to 1.7 times.
- Fashion and culture magazines over-index. In Comscore’s Plan Metrix survey, about 14% of women 18–24 say they read or looked at New York magazine in the last month, close to five times the average (women 25–34 are about 1.4 times). Allure runs two-and-a-half to three-and-a-half times the average for both groups. Elle, InStyle, Vanity Fair and Vogue each run two to four times the average among women 25–34. The sample is small, so treat this as directional; the mobile data shows the same pattern for New York and Allure.
- The weak spot is the magazines’ websites. NYMag.com, which includes The Cut, reaches under 1% of either group in Comscore, and Cosmopolitan.com, Bustle and People.com each reach only a few percent. These women know the magazine names but mostly see the stories as they get passed around on social.
A place for inspiration and fandom, not just staying in touch
Both groups use social media to keep up with friends at the same rate as everyone else. The difference is in what else they use it for. Social media is where they find ideas, follow people, and pass time. TikTok is the center of it, Pinterest and Snapchat sit right behind it, and smaller niche apps over-index sharply among the younger group.
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- TikTok is the favorite platform for 49% of women 18–24 and 38% of women 25–34, compared with 15% of all social media users (Morning Consult). In Comscore data, it reaches about three-quarters of women 18–24 and close to 9 in 10 women 25–34.
- Why they use social media, according to Morning Consult: finding inspiration (52% and 47% vs. 34% of adults); following celebrities and influencers (36% and 31% vs. 22%); sharing and discussing opinions (36% and 34% vs. 30%); filling spare time (60% and 54% vs. 47%). Reading news stories is the exception: 28% of women 18–24 compared with 36% of adults, lower than average even though they say social is where they trust news most.
- Pinterest reaches nearly three-quarters of women 18–24, about 1.8 times the average (Comscore). Snapchat reaches more than half of them, about 2.4 times the average. Both groups use these apps well above average.
- Smaller platforms over-index sharply among women 18–24. Tumblr reaches about 12% of both groups at around two-and-a-half times the average. CapCut runs about twice the average for both groups, Lemon8 about two-and-a-half times among women 18–24, and Discord 1.3 to 1.7 times. GroupMe reaches about 1 in 5 women 18–24, close to five times the average, which reflects how many of them are in college. Partiful, the event-invite app, shows up at about four times the average among women 18–24 (small sample, directional).
- X and Reddit reach about 40–50% of these women, roughly the average. Threads reaches only 2–4% of them in Comscore data, which makes it useful for social listening but a minor channel for reaching them. Facebook is the one major platform women 18–24 under-index on.
They use more services than average, and lean toward animated and cult-classic TV
Both groups use nearly every major streaming service more than the average adult; Amazon Prime is the exception, where they’re about average. Their genre tastes split by age. Women 18–24 lean toward anime, animation and teen titles. Women 25–34 lean toward drama, true crime and late-night TV. Reality TV is the one genre both groups watch often but rarely name as a favorite.
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- Use of streaming services, from Morning Consult: Netflix (81% and 78% vs. 66% of adults); Hulu (69% and 67% vs. 53%); Disney+ (67% and 66% vs. 48%); HBO Max (58% and 53% vs. 42%). Apple TV+ is slightly above average, and Peacock and Paramount+ are close to average.
- Comscore shows Hulu reaches more than a third of women 25–34, a little over twice the average. Tubi, the free service, runs one-and-a-half to nearly two times the average for both groups.
- Animation over-indexes for women 18–24, according to Comscore’s Plan Metrix survey. 44% watched anime at home, about 2.4 times the average, and 37% watch cartoons in a typical week, about 1.8 times. Teen movies run about 2.3 times the average. Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network and Disney Channel are named as favorite channels at about three times the average, and Adult Swim runs nearly twice the average for both groups. Crunchyroll’s app reaches about 4% of women 18–24, three times the average.
- Women 25–34 lean toward late-night shows (1.8 times the average), drama (1.2 times) and true crime. They’re also 1.2 times more likely than average to watch romance films at home, while women 18–24 are about average.
- A newer format to watch: short serialized “micro-drama” apps. VibeShort reaches about 4% of women 18–24, over four times the average, and ReelShort is also above average (Comscore). Webtoon, the vertical comics app, reaches about 7% of women 18–24, more than five times the average. Both are small, fast-growing channels for serialized romance and drama that most brands aren’t on yet.
- Fan wikis show how deep they go into what they watch. Fandom’s TV wikis reach about 1 in 10 of both groups at nearly twice the average, and its book wikis run nearly three times the average among women 25–34.
- Sports is the one genre where both groups are below average: 48% of women 18–24 and 40% of women 25–34 watch weekly, compared with 54% of adults.
Music they look up, and podcasts about relationships and making things
Music is close to universal for them, and they engage with it actively by looking up lyrics, seeking out smaller artists and going to shows. Their podcast tastes are where they differ most from average. Relationship podcasts are one of the strongest over-indexes in the data for both groups. Women 18–24 also over-index on interviews and fiction, and women 25–34 on advice and true crime. Both groups listen to news podcasts less than average.
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- Spotify reaches about 70% of both groups at 1.3 times the average (Comscore). Apple Music’s app over-indexes even more strongly, at about 2.4 times the average among women 18–24 and 1.8 times among women 25–34. Women 18–24 are almost twice as likely as average to use Spotify’s free tier.
- They go beyond the mainstream apps. In Comscore data, Genius reaches 14% of both groups at about 1.7 times the average, SoundCloud runs 1.6 to 1.9 times, Audiomack (which leans toward hip-hop and Afrobeats) about seven times among women 18–24, and Live Nation’s sites about twice the average among women 18–24.
- Favorite music genres for women 18–24, from Comscore’s Plan Metrix survey: hip-hop (48%, about 1.7 times the average), R&B (41%, about 1.5 times), punk rock (29%, about two-and-a-half times) and international music (about twice). Women 25–34 lean toward pop, R&B and international music. Country and classic rock are below average for both groups.
- Podcasts, from Comscore’s Plan Metrix survey: about 43% of women 25–34 listen in a typical week, 1.4 times the average; women 18–24 are about average at 33%. Relationship podcasts run about two times the average for women 18–24 and three times for women 25–34, and the mobile data shows the same pattern. Arts, design, fashion and food podcasts run nearly two times the average for women 18–24 and about three times for women 25–34. Hobby and craft podcasts run 1.6 to 2.2 times the average. Women 18–24 over-index on interviews (2.4 times) and fiction or audio drama (2.2 times); women 25–34 on advice and self-help (2 times) and true crime (2.3 times).
- Among podcast listeners in Morning Consult’s survey, pop culture podcasts reach 53% of women 18–24 and 49% of women 25–34, compared with 40% of adults. Lifestyle and advice podcasts reach 56% of both groups, compared with 46%. News and politics podcasts (50% and 47% vs. 60%) are the only type both groups listen to less than average.
Reading, learning, live streams and beauty
A few smaller channels round out the picture. Each is modest in reach, but each over-indexes in a way that ties back to the findings on making, learning and self-presentation.
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- Reading: Kindle’s app reaches about 6% of women 25–34, about 1.6 times the average. Goodreads is slightly above average for the same group. Women 18–24 read more on Webtoon than on Kindle (Comscore).
- Learning apps: Duolingo reaches about 7% of women 18–24, about 1.7 times the average.
- Gaming and live streams: Twitch reaches about 1 in 5 women 18–24, about 1.5 times the average. In Morning Consult’s survey, both groups watch live streams on social media at about the average rate (31–34%).
- Beauty: Ipsy reaches about 7% of women 18–24, more than three times the average. That fits Finding 3: about a third of women 18–24 frequently advise others on fashion and beauty.
Notes on sources
- Morning Consult data covers roughly the past 12–16 months. Samples are about 550–1,800 per group for the news questions and much larger for platform use and identity questions (about 30,000 per group). Hobby and life-event questions have small samples and are treated as directional.
- In Comscore’s Plan Metrix data, magazine, podcast-genre and TV-type results come from smaller panels. Only rows without a small-sample flag are used, and the text notes where the mobile data confirms a result.
- Newspaper-by-title and cable-news rows are left out because the samples are too small to rely on. Rows for individual dating apps are left out.
- Social posts are quoted verbatim and dated from the post itself. Every quoted post is from a woman or a women’s group account; each creator’s account was checked. Cultural moment posts are dated July through early November 2026, mostly August–October. Posts that read as non-US were dropped.